English Language and Study Skills for Mathematics (EAP115) 2024-2025 Year 2 Semester 1 EAP115 Project Writing Coursework (Project WCW) Task Sheet [Final] Student Version Assignment: Write a Problem-Solution-Evaluation essay (800 ±10% words, excluding titles, section headings, the Reference List, and the Project Source Integration Chart (SIC)). Task: Write a Problem-Solution-Evaluation essay about one proposed solution which is evaluated to address one clear negative effect of globalization: Core Task Requirements All core task requirements must be fulfilled. Failure to fulfil any core task requirement means a points deduction from the EAP115 Project grade. You may fail if your essay does not meet all the core task requirements. You must: 1. write a Problem-Solution-Evaluation essay about one proposed solution which is evaluated to address one clear negative effect of globalization. 2. include all relevant sections: Introduction, Problem, Solution, Evaluation, Conclusion, and the Reference List with each including a relevant section heading. 3. use a minimum of 7 appropriate academic English language sources. - at least one visual aid such as a data set, graph, table, or chart must be used, cited, and referenced. Assessment Details · Assessment Type: Individual · Learning Outcomes assessed: A, B, C, D, E · Percentage of Module Mark: 50% o The EAP115 Project is comprised of WCW and SCW tasks o The Project WCW task is worth 40% of the total Project grade · Where and when to submit: Upload your submission (PSE essay, Reference List, and SIC) to the designated Dropbox on the EAP115 Assessment page on Learning Mall Core (LMC) before the submission deadline in Week 7 on Tuesday 1st April at 11:00. Please remember that dropbox submissions cannot be changed once the submission deadline has passed. It is the responsibility of the student to check the correct file is submitted and that it can be opened. Key Dates for the EAP115 Project WCW: A. Distribution of the Project WCW task sheet: Semester 1, Week 11 (Tuesday) B. First draft peer review: Semester 2, Class 2B C. First draft submission deadline: Semester 2, Week 3 (11:00 on Monday 3rd March 2025) D. First draft feedback returned: Semester 2, Week 5 (Friday 21st March 2025) E. First draft feedback individual tutorial: Semester 2, Week 6 F. Final submission deadline: Semester 2, Week 7 (11:00 on Tuesday 1st April 2025) G. Distribution of the Project SCW task sheet: Semester 2, Week 6 (13:00 on Friday 28th March 2025) *Any changes to these key dates will be announced by email and LMC announcement Formatting Requirements All written assignments must use these formatting standards: · Create and save the essay in a .doc or .docx format · Filename: EAP115-Project-Student ID number (e.g. EAP115-Project-3030609) · Line space: 1.5 · Word font: Calibri or Arial · Font size: 12 points · Include page numbers Important: · When citing and referencing, the XJTLU Harvard Referencing System must be used. The guide can be found on LMC here and on the XJTLU Library website here. - This includes all visual aids being clearly cited and referenced. · When submitting your Project WCW, please include your Project SIC. This should be included after your Reference List. The Project SIC can be found here. - The Project SIC will support how source information is used and how Reference Lists are compiled. · It is your responsibility to download your submitted file and check if the submission is a readable file. · You may receive 0% for an assessment if there is a technical issue opening a submission created using WPS or other unacceptable formats. Marking and Feedback o The final draft will be assessed using the EAP115 writing marking descriptor included on page 6 of this task sheet. o Feedback will be provided in line with standardized requirements agreed on EAP115 on failed features and penalties concerning Academic Integrity and Word Count issues. o You will receive individual feedback on the first draft of this essay at the end of Week 5. You must use this information to prepare questions for the individual tutorial sessions in Week 6, where you may ask your lecturer questions and engage in a discussion that will help you understand how to further improve your Project WCW first draft before the final submission deadline at the beginning of Week 7. o An assessment report for the Project will provide general feedback to all students after the exam moderation is complete and marks are released. Essay Format Your essay must be written using the following structure as introduced on EAP115: · Introduction: Briefly introduce and highlight the general problem of globalization in the opening sentence, and provide additional general background information. It is recommended to have at least one citation in the introduction. A valid thesis statement must be present at the end of your introduction. o The suggested word count for the Introduction section is around 100 words. o Consider using data, figures, or statistics to highlight this problem. · Problem: Based on your research and knowledge, introduce, describe and explain one clear negative effect of globalization listed in the Introduction. A clear topic sentence must be included at the beginning to indicate the purpose of this section. Supporting details such as evidence and examples must be cited. o The suggested word count for the Problem section is around 200 words. o Consider using data, figures, or statistics to highlight issues surrounding this one negative effect. · Solution: Based on your research and knowledge, introduce, describe and explain one solution to the one negative effect of globalization introduced in the Problem section. A clear topic sentence must be included at the beginning to indicate the chosen solution. Supporting details such as evidence and examples must be cited. o The suggested word count for the Solution section is around 150 words. · Evaluation: Based on your research and knowledge, discuss how effectively this one solution deals with the one clear negative effect of globalization. Evaluate this solution by describing at least one advantage and at least one disadvantage including supporting details such as examples and evidence to support your points. Finally, a clear stance must be evident to indicate if you believe this solution may solve the negative effect of the problem. You must include a clear topic sentence at the beginning to show the purpose of this section. o The suggested word count for the Evaluation section is around 250 words. o Consider using data, figures, or statistics to support the evaluation of this one solution. · Conclusion: A valid restated thesis statement should be offered before providing a brief summary of the main points of your essay. A final thought or future prediction regarding this topic could be used to conclude. o The suggested word count for the Conclusion section is no more than 100 words. · Reference List · Source Integration Chart Suggestions Task: o Read the Core Task Requirements on Page 1 and Essay Format on Page 3 when planning this task. o Is your one clear negative effect of globalization related to a logical theme? Logical themes include but are not limited to the economy, the environment, or society. - Consider your expertise and interest when considering a potential negative effect of globalization. o Organise your ideas clearly and logically. Plan carefully before attempting to write your essay. o Consider how the Introduction and Problem sections should tackle different aspects of this issue. o How should the Solution and Evaluation sections tackle different aspects of the solution?
CS1032 Assignment 6: SQL and Queries All assignments must be completed individually. Do not share your work or use another student’s work in any way. Assignments are to be completed without the help of a private tutor. If you need assistance with this assignment please post on the course forums, e-mail a TA/instructor, or attend an office/consulting hour. See OWL Assignment tab for assignment due date and late policy. You MUST back-up your work. Extensions will not be given for lost or corrupt files. This is especially important if you are using MyVLab (should only be needed for Apple computer users). If you will be using MyVLab, you MUST understand how to transfer files between your local computer and MyVLab before attempting this assignment. Do not save directly to the Z: drive, save to the H: drive and copy your work to the Z: drive only when backing up or you are ready to submit. For Part 1 you MUST write the SQL by hand. Using any tool to automatically generate the SQL such as the query design tool will result in a 0 grade for this assignment. You must follow the strict formatting guidelines for Part 1 to show that your SQL was created by hand. Part 1 Situational Setup It has been several years since your business was launched and it is experiencing tremendous success. You now have departments in Winnipeg, Toronto, and Montreal as well as dedicated teams of employees. To manage these employees, track their time worked, absences, and the projects they are working on, you have created a Human Resources (HR) database (HR_Database.accdb). An ERD of this database is shown below: The ”FK” beside an attribute name, denotes that this attribute is a foreign key. The following is a brief description of the tables in this database: EMPLOYEE: Stores information about your employees. SIN is the employee’s social insurance number, PositionID is the foreign key for the relationship shown between the EMPLOYEE and POSITION tables. POSITION: This table contains a collection of records which describe the different positions in your business including their Job Title, their Hourly Rate, and if applicable their Overtime Rate. ABSENCE: This table records employee absences due to illness, lateness, or vacation time. Reason is one of “Illness”, “Late”, “Vacation”, or “Unknown”. Approved is a Yes/No field that denotes if HR approved this absence and Notes is an optional field that allows HR to record additional notes about the absence. EmployeeID is the foreign key for the relationship with the EMPLOYEE table. TIME_LOG: This table stores the number of hours an employee has worked on a given date and project. LogDate is the date the hours were worked. ProjectID is a foreign key for the relationship between PROJECT and TIME_LOG which denotes the project this work was for. OverTime is a Yes/No field that denotes if this was overtime work. PROJECT: This table contains a record for each project your business currently has employees working on. StartDate is the date this project started and EndDate is the date the project ended (or will end) but only if known. employee_projects: This relationship (junction) table represents the many-to-many relationship between PROJECTs and EMPLOYEEs. The Role field describes what the employee’s role is in this project (it may be different for each project the employee is assigned to and is not necessarily the same as their JobTitle). You can find a copy of this database, named HR_Database.accdb, attached to the assignment on OWL. If when opening the file, you get an error about the content being blocked, please follow the instructions in the Trusting Microsoft Access Databases.pdf document to trust the file. Note that on the final exam you will be expected to write SQL without having a database to test it in. It is recommended that you try writing the SQL in this part without the database first and then using the database after to check your work. Don’t forget that everything for part 1 must be submitted as a word document, anything in a database for part 1 will not be marked. Example Data The following screenshot on the next page shows an example of the data that might be contained in these tables. Keep in mind that your SQL queries must work for any valid data in the database and not just the values shown. Hint: You can tell the difference between Text types and Number types by how the values are justified. Numbers are right justified, and text is left justified (just like in Excel). Check boxes are Yes/No type, and dates are Date/Time type. SQL Statements For this part you must create one single SQL statement for each of the following questions. Your SQL statement must be written in a Microsoft Word document by hand and not generated using a tool such as the Query Design Tool. The SQL statements in your Word document must follow the strict formatting guidelines described in the next section. A zero mark will be given for any statement that is created using the Query Design Tool or does not follow the formatting guidelines. 1) The first employee in the EMPLOYEE table is a place holder named “John Doe” and has the Employee ID of 1. You would like to replace this employee with yourself. Write a SQL query that will update the record for the employee with the Employee ID of 1, such that their first and last name are changed to your first and last name. Your query should also update their e-mail to your real @uwo.ca e-mail address. Do not alter any other fields in the record. 2) As part of calculating employee benefits you need to create a listing of all employees hired in the years 2018 to 2019. That is any employee with a Hire Date between January 1st 2018 and December 31st 2019 (inclusive). Write an SQL query that returns a list of employees with hire dates in this range and ensure the result is sorted by Hire Date from oldest hire to newest hire. Only include the fields FirstName, LastName, Hire Date, SIN, and EMail in the result. Hint: There is a space in the field name “Hire Date”, you will have to handle this properly in your SQL statement. 3) Your business is considering hiring an employee in a new position, titled “Social Media Coordinator”, who will manage all of your business’s social media accounts. Before starting the hiring process, you would like to add this new position to your database. Write an SQL query that will insert a new record into the POSITION table which the JobTitle of “Social Media Coordinator”, a NormalHourlyRate of $18.62 per hour, and an OvertimeHourlyRate of $27.93 per hour. The PositionID should be set automatically by Access and not specified in your query (as it is an AutoNumber type). 4) You have noticed that a number of your employees live in close proximity and thought it might be a good idea to start a carpool. Write an SQL query that will create a list of any employee that lives on Elm St or who lives on Maple Ave. That is, include anyone with an address ending in “Maple Ave” or “Elm St”. Only include the fields FirstName, LastName, PostalCode, Province, and Address in the result. Sort the results by LastName in reverse alphabetical order. 5) HR would like you to make a list of all Employees who have an unapproved ABSENCE (i.e. that have a No value for Approved in the ABSENCE table). Write an SQL statement that will return only the following fields for employees with unapproved absences: EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Reason, AbsenceDate, and Notes. Use the default sorting (do not sort the results). Hint 1: this query will require an INNER JOIN. Hint 2: An employee may be listed multiple times if they have multiple unapproved absences. 6) Your accounting department is auditing your employees’ overtime hours. They need a list of all employees who have more than 6 Total Hours (as per the TIME_LOG table) that were marked as OverTime (i.e. have a Yes value for OverTime in the TIME_LOG table). Only employees that meet both criteria should be included. In the result include only the fields LogDate, TotalHours, the Employee’s First and Last Names, and from the POSITION table their JobTitle and OvertimeHourlyRate. Sort the results by TotalHours from largest number of hours to fewest. Hint: This query will require two INNER JOINS. 7) Your IT department is working on migrating to a new e-mail provider and they require an estimate of how many employees will need to be transferred. You have decided to start with a limited pilot program involving only the employees that are part of the “Product Line Expansion” project and have an email ending in “@example.com”. Create an SQL query that will return a count of the number of employees that meet these two criteria based on the employee's who are assigned to the “Product Line Expansion” in the employee_projects table. Your query must use the Project’s Name (i.e. “Sustainability Initiative”) in the WHERE clause and not the ProjectID (assume that the ProjectID can change). Hint 1: This query will require two INNER JOINS. Hint 2: Your query should only return a single record containing one field with the number of employees. Your query should not return a list of employees. Formatting Guidelines At the top of your word document, you must have your full name, student number, and username. Each SQL statement must be clearly labeled with a number that identifies which question it is for from the last section. The format (how the SQL statements are written) MUST match the style. shown in the tutorial slides and video. Each SQL reserved word MUST appear on their own line and in capital letters in the document. Each SQL Statement MUST be indented as shown below. You will be given a zero mark for the question otherwise. Example: SELECT something FROM ( somewhere INNER JOIN somewhere else ON some condition ) WHERE some condition is true This is non-optional. You MUST use this standard. You MUST write the SQL without the use or aid of any electronic method. For example: You can NOT use MS Access Query Builder to create the SQL graphically and then copy or type in the result to your Word document. You will be given a zero grade on this part if the SQL is not written by hand. Save your SQL statements in the Word file named "youraccountname_sql.docx” where youraccountname is your western username and attach the file to your submission alongside the files from the other parts of this assignment. Your submission must be a word file for this part and not a database. Only properly formatted Word files will be marked for Part 1. Part 2 Situational Setup With the expansion of your business, a problem has slowly started to develop as you have acquired more employees. Each of your employees is assigned zero or more computing devices (smart phones, tablets, desktop computers, laptops, etc.) but your IT department has begun having trouble tracking who currently has what device and when these devices need to be replaced as they are at the end of their life cycle. To resolve this, you have instructed your IT department to create a simple Microsoft Access database to keep track of your technology assets, which employee has which device, when they were issued the device, what departments each employee belongs to, and what websites the device has accessed (to ensure your employees are not viewing anything inappropriate at work such as cooking recipes, travel blogs, and adorable cat videos). You now wish to use this database and your SQL knowledge to query the database and obtain some data about your business. Query Design Tool For Part 2 of this assignment, you must use the provided IT_Database.accdb database and create queries graphically using the Microsoft Access Query Design Tool. You are not required to follow the formatting rules of Part 1 or write the SQL. You should save your queries directly in the database and not in a word document for this part. Download a fresh copy of the IT_Database.accdb the databases attached to Assignment 6 on OWL. Open it and explore the database. Take a look at the tables, the fields and data they contain, and the relationships shown in the relationship tool. Each field should be documented with a description that describes the field and the information it stores. If Access is giving an error message about the content of the file being blocked or locked, please follow the steps in the Trusting Microsoft Access Databases.pdf document to trust and unlock the file. Once you have a good understanding of the database, manually change the first and last name of the employee with an ID of 0001 to your first and last name. Also update their e-mail to your Western e-mail address ending in @uwo.ca. The other values in this record should remain the same. You can do this by hand, you do not have to use a query or SQL statement. Create a query using the Graphical Query Design Tool in the Create tab in MS Access for each of the following. (You MUST name each query object using the names: Query A, Query B, Query C, Query D, Query E, Query F, and Query G respectively). A) Your IT department is considering replacing any devices issued on or before 2019-01-01 with a condition score below 4. Using the Graphical Query Design Tool, create a query that lists all ASSETS issued on or before 2019-01-01 (inclusive), that have a Condtion score below 4 (exclusive), and are not already Decommissioned (i.e. have a No value for the Decommissioned field). Only include the fields Description, Manufacturer, Condition, IssueDate, and Notes. Sort the results by IssueDate from the oldest issue date to the newest issue date. B) A new vulnerability has been discovered in the Virtual Private Network (VPN) software your business is using. Your IT department needs a list of all employees and devices with VPN access so they can update the software. Using the Graphical Query Design Tool, create a query that lists all ASSETS that have not been Decommissioned and have VPN access (have a Yes value for VPN in the ASSETS table). Include the following fields in the result AssetID, ItemType, and Description (all from ASSETS) as well as information about the employee it was assigned to including Last and First Name, Phone number, and Email (from EMPLOYEE). Sort the result by the employee’s date of hire (oldest dates of hire first) but do not include the date of hire in the result. C) Your HR department would like to create a directory that contains the contact information of the employees for the IT and Admin departments. Using the Graphical Query Design Tool, create a query that lists all employees of the IT or the Admin department (based on the Type field in the DEPARTMENTS table). Include the following fields in the result: Department Name, Department Region, the Employees Role and Office number in the department (from the employee_assigned_to table), and the Employee’s First and Last Name, Phone number, Email, City, and HomeAddress. Sort the results by the Department Name in alphabetical order. D) You would like to know who is accessing blocked websites in your business. Create a query that will list all WEB_TRAFFIC for any website listed in the WEBSITE_BLOCK_LIST table. In this list include the following fields: the FirstName and LastName of the Employee who is assigned the ASSET, the ASSET’s AssetID and its Description, and the LogID, DateAccessed, Domain, and FullURL from WEB_TRAFFIC. Only include employees who are active (have a Yes value for the Active field in the EMPLOYEE table). Sort the results by the DateAccessed field from the WEB_TRAFFIC table such that newest log entries are first. Hint: Remember that joining tables creates a union of the records. This means if you join the tables WEB_TRAFFIC and WEBSITE_BLOCK_LIST on Domain, only the records common to both tables will be included (this is what we want in this case as we only want blocked domains). E) You would like to know if it is time to update your WEBSITE_BLOCK_LIST to remove expired entries. Using the Graphical Query Design Tool, create a query that counts the number of records with an ExpiryDate before July 15th, 2024 (exclusive). This query should only return one record and one field that contains the number of expired records. This one field should be renamed to NumExpired. Make sure you save each query in the database and rename the file to yourusername_IT_Database.accdb where yourusername is your western username and submit the file through OWL with the files for the other parts. Part 3: Information Systems Questions regarding your Company Create an MS Word document and complete the following questions pertaining to the business you described in Assignment 1. Use the same format for the word document as in past assignments. Each answer must be comprehensive (more than one sentence). Each answer requires at least four sentences. The entire part 3 should be at least 400 words. It is expected that some thought and explanation is included in this section. Question 1 For this question, assume that your business has a large Microsoft Access Database which includes all relevant information pertaining to your business. What kinds of reports and queries would you be required to run routinely to effectively run your business? Identify a report or query for two of the following frequencies (you must suggest two reports/queries using two of the frequencies below): - A report you would want to run daily or weekly - A report you would want to run monthly or quarterly - A report you would want to run annually For each report/query, you must state the following: - If this will be a report (created with the Access Report tool) or if it will be query (created with the Query Design Tool or a manually entered SQL statement). - The purpose of the report/query (how will it be used) - The data you will require for the report/query (be specific on fields, etc) as this must relate back to your specific company. You are not required to actually make the reports/queries you pick for this question. Simply describe in your own words each of the two reports and/or queries you are suggesting. Only your written description is required. Question 2 Explain whether you agree or disagree with the following statement and why. Also explain what your business’s policy would be for refreshing devices. Companies should have policies to automatically refresh (replace) devices every 2-3 years. For full marks, you must fully address the question and explain your answer and your business policy. Simply stating “I agree” or “I disagree” without elaborating will not be worth any marks. Once you have completed both questions save the word document as yourusername_yourcompanyname_A6.docx where yourusername is your western username and yourcompanyname is the name of your company from the past 5 assignments.
SEMTM0016 Artificial Intelligence for Robotics SEMTM0016 Coursework - Part B Task Overview You are the mighty HeroBot traversing the MazeDungeon where you will encounter many different entities. You can find the MazeDungeon environment repository via this link: https://github. com/ uobcll/SEMTM0016_DungeonMazeWorld • You can follow the README of the repository for the basic components of MazeDungeon environment. • manual control . py : The code in this file shows how to load the dungeon maze env, how to reset the environment and how to check the state, action and reward from environment. You have three tasks to complete: Q1: Load the environment and implement rollout function and some simple policies. Q2: Implement the model-based methods: Policy iteration and value iteration. Q3: Implement the model-free methods: Monte-Carlo and Temporal Difference. Question 1 - Simulation in environment and policies (4 Marks): (1.1) Implement a rollout function by which you can sample a complete trajectory in the envi- ronment for a given policy. The function takes in the environment and policy, and returns the full rollout trajectory (e.g., a list of transition tuples where each tuple is (state, action, reward). The maximum environment step is set as 100 and grid size as 6. (1.2) Implement the random policy (e.g. a uniform policy distribution over the action space for every state) to obtain the action the agent will take, and take trajectory using the rollout function in part (1.1) and the random policy. (1.3) Implement the All-forward policy: only take move forwards action for every state, , and take trajectory using the rollout function in part (1.1) and the all-forward policy. (1.4) Implement the Customized policy: any policy of your choice in this environment, and take trajectory using the rollout function and your customized policy. Question 2 - Model-based Method (6 marks) Let us set the grid size as 8, discount factor=1 and initial policy as random policy. Implement policy iteration and value iteration algorithm to get the optimal policy for the given environment. Specifically, you need to complete the following sub-tasks: (2.1) Initialize value table. Implement policy iterations policy evaluation process conducting mul- tiple bellman equation updates utill the value table converges. (2.2) Implement policy improvement process in policy iteration. (2.3) Iteratively apply policy evaluation in (2.1) and policy improvement in (2.2) until the final optimal policy and value table converges. (2.4) Initialize value table. Implement value iteration process till the optimal value table converges. (2.5) Get the optimal policy from the optimal value table derived in (2.4). (2.6) Analyse how these two algorithms perform differently (e.g, convergence speed, numerical stability, senstivity to initial value table, and how the poilcy changes). Question 3 - Model-free Method (7 marks) Let us set the grid size as 10, discount factor=0.99 and initial policy as random policy. The maxi- mum environment step is set as 100. Suppose we do not have access to an explicit environment model and we can only sample trajectories from it. Implement Monte-Carlo and Temporal-Difference learning algorithms. Specifically, you need to complete the following sub-tasks. (3.1) Given rollout function output, implement a cumulative reward calculation function to calcu- late the cumulative reward for one sampled trajectory. (3.2) Implement Monte-Carlo sampling algorithms: sample some trajectories using the initial ran- dom policy and use the trajectories to get the Monte-Carlo value estimate for each grid. (Initialise each grid’s value as 0). (3.3) Implement Temporal-Difference Learning algorithms: initialise the value table, sample some trajectories using the initial random policy. Then use the trajectories to conduct temporal difference learning until the value table converges. (Note that terminal states value are 0). (3.4) Justify your design choices when setting the hyperparameters for these two algorithms (e.g., number of trajectory samples, td learning rate, value table initialisation, etc) and analyse how these two algorithms perform differently (e.g., convergence speed, numerical stability and hyperparameter sensitivity). Report There are 3 marks for overall presentation of the report. Your report should be no longer than six pages, shorter is fine. Use an 11 or 12pt font and do not try tricks like expanding the margin to fit in more text, shorter is better than longer. Your report must be submitted as a pdf and should be prepared either in LaTeX (overleaf is a good approach), MS Word, or a similar text editor to prepare the report and submit it as a pdf document. Your code will not be marked for elegance, but it should run correctly; it is expected you will use Python. Do not include screenshots of graphs, they should be imported directly; resize them to the correct size before importing them, if the labels are tiny the graphs will not be marked. Make sure figure captions are descriptive, it is better to have some overlap between figure captions and the main text than to have figure captions that are not reasonably self-contained. Avoid code snippets in the report unless that feels like the best way to illustrate some subtle aspect of an algorithm; do always though consider a mathematical description if possible. You will be asked to submit your code and it will be tested to make sure it works and matches your report. It will not, however, be marked itself for quality. The teaching assistants (TAs) are unable to answer questions about how to solve an exercise or what methods to use beyond what has been specified in the coursework document. However, if you need help to know more about a method in a certain lab/worksheet in order to solve an exercise, do ask TAs for help about that method.
ENV200H1S Tutorial #4 – Water and Carbon Footprints of Food (last updated March 10, 2025) INTRODUCTION Every single product we consume, buy or sell uses water and emits green house gases (GHGs) to produce. Agriculture is a unique sector in this perspective since it contributes to climate change at the same time it is very sensitive to it. The availability of freshwater resources is of major importance to sustain global food security. Climate change has a negative impact on the availability of freshwater resources since it is projected to alter rainfall patterns and increase the frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. The agricultural sector takes ~40% of the world’s land area. With such a vast area, ~70% of the global fresh water is used for agricultural production every year. Agriculture is also responsible for 75% of total nitrous oxide (N2O) and 50% of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions in the world. It is also important to highlight that agriculture is the basic sector of most countries in the world and is the center of the global economy with an estimated value of billions of dollars per year. A constant growing human population and changing diets, mostly based on high consumption of animal source foods, has increased the global water use and GHG emissions in agriculture. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges ofthe agricultural sector in the next decades is to meet global food requirements with sustainable management of natural resources and reduction in the emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, water and land. It is of major importance to analyze our lifestyle choices and understand the impact of our diets in water use and GHG emissions in the world. Water Footprint The water footprint is a “measure of humanity’s appropriation of fresh water in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted” and it is used to measure the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. Each individual has a personal water footprint which is impacted by their lifestyle, including diet, consumer habits, sanitation and transport. You may think your average water use is small, since you do not leave the tap running or take long showers, however, a large majority of the water we use every day comes in the form of virtual water. Virtual water is the volume of water used to produce consumer products. Some of the greatest culprits come from the food we eat, especially meat products. For example, if you were to eat a hamburger, that cow comes with a water footprint. The cow needs to drink water, water is used to clean barns to keep them sanitary for human consumption and water is used to grow the plants that ultimately feed the cows. In fact, agriculture accounts for nearly 92% of our global water footprint. Therefore, food we choose to eat will have a huge impact on the amount of water we are using daily. For a comprehensive list, see https://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/ Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint is the total amount of GHGs that are generated by human actions. Similar to the water footprint, every individual has a personal carbon footprint that is related to our lifestyle, such as diet, consumer habits and transportation. You may think that your average carbon footprint is low because you use alternative ways of transportation, such as bicycles or public transport, however, a great part of our GHG emissions are related to the production and transportation of the items we eat on a regular basis. In fact, food and agriculture activities account for 1/3 of anthropogenic GHG emissions globally. These emissions are generated in all steps of food production systems, from land modifications for crop production/livestock maintenance to the decay of food waste that ends up in landfills and open dumps. Therefore, food we choose to eat will have a huge impact on the amount of our daily GHGs emissions. For more details, see https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ghg-per-kg-poore Moving towards sustainability As outlined by the United Nation’s Sustainability goals, achieving food security and combating climate change are goals we are striving for worldwide. However, when we assess global carbon and water footprints in food production, these goals are far from being met. Due to a rapidly changing climate, many places on Earth have seen extended and more severe periods of droughts. This has major negative impacts in the food security of many countries in the world. Thinking about our changing climate, agri-food production, and lifestyles, we need to ask ourselves how we can contribute to a more sustainable agriculture through our dietary choices in order to guarantee food security for future generations. Tutorial Objectives . To estimate the water and carbon footprint of your diet. . To explore elements of your diet that contribute to high water resource use and GHG emissions. . To compare your diet`s water and carbon footprint to a global consumption, while acknowledging climate change as a threat to food production. . To reflect on the water resource use and GHG emissions by the agriculture sector and discuss the feasibility of more sustainable agriculture practices. Tutorial Assignment: Due: March 30th by 11:59 pm. Submit through assignment link on Quercus 1. Calculate the water and carbon footprint of a 2-day diet. 2. Recalculate the water and carbon footprint of a 2-day diet substituting 3 high volume/impact food items. 3. Compare the water and carbon footprint of your 2 diets to average North American diet footprints. 4. Discuss impacts of your substitutions if any. 5. Discuss the steps needed to make 1 of the 3 items you substituted more sustainable and feasible for future sustainable consumption. Detailed steps: 1. Track your diet habits during two days. You will need to take notes of the quantities of every item you eat and how much goes to waste. If you do not know exact quantities, estimate the best you can. See some conversions below to help you with the calculations. Whenever possible, take notes of where the food was produced. If you do not want to disclose your eating habits, you can make up a diet. . Calculate the water footprint of the items you ate over those two days using the water footprint of food guide: https://www.watercalculator.org/water-footprint-of-food-guide/ o After selecting a food item in the list, click on “learn more” . Check if the water footprint of the item is categorized as small, medium or large. o Ifyou do not find a specific food item in the list, select the closest option. For example, select bread for bagel. o The website lists the water footprint for a portion size of 4 oz of a food item produced. Remember to perform appropriate calculations for accurate results. For example, 181 L of water are used to produce 4 oz of bread. One slice of bread has approximately 1.6 oz. Therefore, approximately 72 L of water are used to produce one slice of bread. o Note that you might need to perform conversions between kilograms (KG), ounces (OZ) and pounds (LBS) for accurate calculations. 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds = 35 ounces. . Calculate the carbon footprint of the items you ate over those two days using the food carbon emissions calculator: http://www.foodemissions.com/Calculator o Note that you will need to know where the food was produced in order to set long distance truck transport (miles). You can use Google Maps to estimate the distance the food had to travel between its production and your plate. If you do not know where the food was produced, set the long-distance truck transport to 1700 miles - average distance between the region that holds most of the crop’s farming activities in Canada (the Prairie Provinces - Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and Toronto. o In the “set quantity purchased by the consumer (pounds)”, put the amount of a food item you have eaten in pounds (LBS). o In the “set consumer waste percentage”, put the approximate percentage of the selected food item you have not eaten and disposed in the garbage. o The total carbon footprint of a food item is equal to the sum of production, transport, and waste CO2-e emissions o You might need to perform conversions between kilometers (KM) and miles (MI) for accurate calculations. 1 km = 0.62 miles Once you have completed step 1. by determining the water and carbon footprints for all your food items over a 2-day period, put the information into a table such as the following: Day Food Item Quantity Distance Traveled Waste % Water Footprint Carbon Footprint (Kg of CO2e) 1 e.g. bread 6 slices = 9.6oz= 0.6lbs 1700 miles 0 – ate all 6 slices 432 L 0.14 Kg of CO2e 2 e.g. fresh apple 1 unit = 3.52oz = 0.22lbs 1700 miles 10% - did not eat the middle part 82.25 L 0.04 Kg of CO2e e.g. bowl of pasta 1 bowl = 10.58oz = 0.66lbs 1700 miles 0 – ate the full bowl 558.09 L 0.14 Kg of CO2e d items)DAILY AVERAGE (Total/2 d 2. Select three food items that you either 1) consume frequently in high quantities and/or 2) have a high contribution to your dietary water and/or carbon footprints. Research about substitutions for these items that could decrease the water and/or carbon footprint of your diet. Re-calculate your dietary water and/or carbon footprint as described above substituting the three items you selected by more sustainable alternatives. 3. Compare the average carbon and water footprints of your previous and new diet with the average dietary carbon and water footprint in Canada/North America. Average dietary carbon footprint in Canada: 6.252 kg of CO2-e/person/day Source: Veeramani, A., Dias, G. M., Kirkpatrick, S. I. (2017). Carbon footprint of dietary patterns in Ontario, Canada: A case study based on actual food consumption. Journal of cleaner production, 162, 1398-1406. Average dietary water footprint in North America: 2,617 L/person/day Source: Harris, F., Moss, C., Joy, E. J., Quinn, R., Scheelbeek, P. F., Dangour, A. D., Green, R. (2020). The water footprint of diets: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition, 11(2), 375-386. 4. Document and discuss your dietary substitutions and how they impacted your carbon and water footprints (max 500 words). Summarize your previous and new diet and discuss whether the substitutions ofthose three items were effective in reducing your carbon and water footprints. You should also compare the carbon and water footprints of your previous and new diet with the average dietary carbon and water footprint in Canada/North America. In this part, think about the following questions: i. Was the carbon and water footprint ofyour original diet higher or below the Canadian/North American average?; ii. What were the food items in your diet that you selected to substitute? Why did you select these three food items?; iii. Were the substitutions for more sustainable alternatives effective in decreasing your dietary carbon/water footprint?; iv. How does the carbon/water footprint ofyour new diet compare to the Canadian/North American average? 5. Select one out of the three food items you decided to substitute for more sustainable alternatives. Summarize the major problems in the production process of your selected food item that contributes to its water and/or carbon footprint; and present an analyses of what steps need to take place towards a more sustainable production worldwide (max 500 words). One approach is to correlate the problem in the production process of the selected food item with the production, transport and waste carbon emissions. Take a GLOBAL realistic perspective, not a personal perspective. All ideas should be backed by external research and be as specific as possible. In this part, think about the following questions: i. What are the reasons for selecting this food item in specific?; ii. What are the major problems in its production/distribution process that contribute to its water and/or carbon footprint?; iii. What changes in its production/distribution process could be made to decrease its water and/or carbon footprint? iv. Are these changes applicable in a realistic perspective?; v. How could these changes contribute to a more sustainable production/distribution of this food item worldwide? vi. Was the substitute significant and likely to be adopted by others? . Your assessment should be written in an essay format with an introduction, body and conclusion, in full sentences with paragraphs. Within your assignment you should: o Use APA in-text citation method as appropriate and for formatting references used in your reference list; o Incorporate additional research as appropriate since there is an abundance of interest and sources on this topic; o Provide any calculations you use in support of your statements; and o Attach the results of your personal water footprint to the end of your assignment. . Must have AT LEAST 2 peer-reviewed citations Some resources to get started (these should not be your only peer reviewed citations): Karwacka, M., Ciurzyńska, A., Lenart, A., Janowicz, M. (2020). Sustainable development in the agri- food sector in terms of the carbon footprint: a review. Sustainability, 12(16), 6463. Mekonnen, M. M., & Gerbens-Leenes, W. (2020). The water footprint of global food production. Water, 12(10), 2696. Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2011). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5), 1577-1600. Grading Rubric for Tutorial Assignments Each assignment will be graded based on the following major criteria: Mechanics: Follows assignment instructions addressing all identified requirements including reference requirements and word counts. Development of Ideas: Arguments/main points are effective, well developed and supported with substantial evidence. Logic & Organization: Clear and specific introduction and conclusion. Thesis statement is explicit. Arguments/main points are effective, well developed and supported with substantial evidence. Ideas presented in an organized and logical manner. References: Appropriate references and in-text citations are used appropriately to enhance arguments.
CS 211 Programming Assignment 3 Assigned: Wed, Mar 5 Due: Wed, March 26 @ 11:59 pm (3 weeks) This handout is structured similarly to PA1 and PA2: This page gives a top-level overview of the assignment, and the Document Tabs provide details on each part. Introduction You will simulate a Linux-like filesystem, complete with operations such as rm, mkdir, touch, and chmod. Files and directories will be represented as nodes in a tree data structure, with each node holding file/directory names and permissions. In this assignment, you will need to deserialize the filesystem from a binary representation, whose specification we will provide. After deserializing the filesystem, you will implement the functions that perform. file and directory operations. You will need to check for and implement different error cases that are possible (e.g., rm on a read-only file). Concepts that we recommend reviewing for this assignment include: ● Pointers and pointer manipulation ● Arrays and structs ● Bitwise operations and masking ● Dynamic memory management (malloc, free) As usual, concepts from this programming assignment (as with all others) are fair game for the midterm and final exam. PA3 is divided into two parts: Part 1: Deserialization You will first reconstruct the filesystem’s tree data structure from a binary file that contains a serialized representation of the tree. The Document Tab for “Serialized Encoding” describes the exact encoding format. Part 2: Implementing Filesystem Operations Once the filesystem tree is constructed, you will implement several functions that perform. operations on the filesystem. The details of the functions you need to implement are provided in both: 1. This document under the Document Tab “Functions to Write” 2. The header file src/pa3.h Setup Accept the GitHub Classroom PA3 invitation (below) and clone your repository on ilab (follow instructions from PA1). We will assume you’ve cloned the repository to the path ~/cs211/pa3 for the rest of the handout. Invitation URLs ● GitHub Classroom PA3 invitation ⚠ BUG FIXES Please manually fix the following minor function naming mishaps once you clone your repository: src/pa3.c:21 print_node_data -> pa3_print_node_data src/pa3_test.c:88 print_tree -> pa3_print_tree Final Deliverables You will submit your C code on Gradescope via your GitHub repository, just like you did for PA1 and PA2. Grading Assignment breakdown out of 100 points: ● [5 points] Your submitted code compiles ● [95 points] Your implemented functions work correctly on the provided filesystems Points Function 20 pa3_deserialize_node 8 pa3_free_tree 18 pa3_rm 9 pa3_touch 9 pa3_mkdir 8 extract_node_name 15 pa3_navigate_to_node 8 pa3_chmod_impl You will be graded based on: ● Freeing all of the memory that you dynamically allocate. ● Allocating no more memory to store any given object than strictly necessary (e.g., do not allocate large structures and use only part of them). ● Correct handling of error cases (e.g., attempting to mkdir in a location with read-only permissions). Once our Gradescope submission assignment is up, you may submit. Like PA2, you have unlimited submissions and will see your score after each submission. We expect you to follow the spirit of the assignment, which is to exercise good dynamic memory management practices. We may give you a 0 if we see that you short-cut the concepts in the assignment (e.g., hard-code the output, over-allocate memory). If you are unsure whether you are in violation, please ask the staff privately through Ed. Testing Your Code We have provided you with: ● filesystems/fs*.bin: All of the serialized filesystems that we will grade your code with. There will be no extra hidden filesystems. The filesystems/fs*.txt files display what each filesystem binary contains. If you correctly deserialize a filesystem, you should expect the output of pa3_print_tree to match the corresponding *.txt file ● src/pa3_test.c/h: A C-based testing harness where you can call different functions to check that they work properly. fs0_test serves as an example for running operations on the filesystem filesystems/fs0_root_only_rw.bin. We expect you to modify src/main.c and src/pa3_test.c to implement your own tests for the provided filesystems. You may call any of the pa3_* functions, using the provided fs0_test as an example for writing your own. See the Document Tab on “Testing Your Code” for more detail. Debugging Your Code We highly recommend using make sanitize and make valgrind to check your code for dynamic memory management problems, in addition to your favorite methods from PA2, e.g., print statements (e.g., pa3_print_tree), GDB, and comparing expected values against observed ones. See the Document Tab on “Debugging Your Code” for more details.
Advanced Econometrics I EMET4314/8014 Semester 1, 2025 Assignment 3 (due: Tuesday week 4, 11:00am) Exercises Provide transparent derivations. Justify steps that are not obvious. Use self sufficient proofs. Make reasonable assumptions where necessary. 1. Let Z be a random variable with EZ2 < ∞ . Prove that implies ZN = Op (1). 2. The pdf of a normal distribution is exp , for −∞ < y < ∞. (a) Derive the moment generating function of a normally distributed random vari- able. Denote it by MY (t; (µ, σ)). (b) Take the first two derivatives of MY (t; (µ, σ)) and evaluate them at zero. (c) Evaluate the mgf for the standard normal case: MY (t; (0, 1)). (This proves a Lemma from the week 3 lecture notes.) 3. Let Y = Xβ* +u with dim X = N × K and the usual definitions. Define the projection matrix PX := X(X′ X)—1X′ and the residual maker matrix MX := IN − PX . Show that: (i) PX Y =Yˆ (hence the name projection matrix) (ii) MXY =ˆu (hence the name residual maker matrix) (iii) MXu =ˆu (iv) Symmetry: PX = PX′ and MX = MX′ (v) Idempotency: PXPX = PX and MX MX = MX (vi) tr PX = K and tr MX = N − K 4. Use a derivation similar to lecture notes 3 to show that is an unbiased estimator for σ2u. 5. Consider the asymptotic distribution of under the assumption of ho-moskedasticity, that is: where . Note, as usual, . (a) Derive the asymptotic distribution of under homoskedasticity. Justify each step! (b) Suggest a consistent estimator for the asymptotic variance of der homoskedasticity. (c) Prove that your estimator from part (b) is consistent. In your proof, make use of the op(1) and Op(1) notation. Justify each step!
MBAZ06 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS Topic of Individual Term Paper: Select two listed companies from the same industry and apply the financial statement analysis methods and tools learned in the course to conduct an in-depth analysis and comparison of their financial position, financial operating results, and other qualitative performance such as ESG and CSR performance over the most recent three years. Provide your assessment conclusions and investment recommendations based on your analysis. Requirements: 1. The paper should be between 3,000 and 4,000 words in English, excluding references, tables, and figures. 2. The paper should have a well-defined structure, including an introduction, company background, analysis of the three major financial statements (each section supported by data and charts), conclusions, and recommendations. The analysis should be adequately supported by calculated data and case examples. Charts should have titles, and data sources should be cited. 3. The reasons for choosing the specific industry and sample companies should be clearly stated in the introduction. The analysis should demonstrate the application of key financial analysis techniques learned in the course, such as trend analysis, structural analysis, ratio analysis, and factor analysis. 4. The report should provide a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the two companies and offer clear investment recommendations with supporting reasons. Your analysis should consider the macroeconomic environment and industry trends. 5. Selected companies can be listed on US stock markets, mainland China stock markets, or Hong Kong stock markets. 6. All sources of information and statements should be clearly cited in APA format. No plagiarism or AI writing is allowed (will go through Turnitin for similarity and AI writing check). 7. Deadline: before 20/05/2025
Assignment 2: Microsoft Word (10%) Word Long Document and Thesis Formatting This task is to test and allow you to show your competency in applying all the skill regarding long report and thesis formatting using MS Word. This skill is important when you write and format your thesis and also your assignment. This is a Microsoft Word assignment so all submission must be in Words file. 1) Find a journal article with minimum 8 pages. You can search for the journal article using Google Scholar. Use keywords related to Economics and Management for the article: (5 Marks) a) Have min 3 tables b) Have min 3 figures c) Then do the following formatting and task 2) Basic formatting: (5 Marks) a) Alignment - Justify b) Font Times New Roman 12 c) Line spacing 1.5 3) Make a Cover Page: (5 Marks) a) Put your picture. b) Your name and matric number. c) Article title. d) Other related content for front page. 4) Make a Table of Contents using the function in Microsoft Words. (One page) (5 Marks) a) Main Headings (min 5 main heading) b) Sub-headings (2@3 subheading for level 2 & level 3 for each heading) c) After finish everything, Updating Table of Contents to show the latest update. 5) List of Tables. (5 Marks) a) Formatting all the tables (font size 11, single spacing, Title above the table, used table design tools) b) After finish everything, Updating List of Tables. 6) List of Figures (5 Marks) a) Resize the figures (chart, picture, model, diagram etc. Title below the figure) b) After finish everything, Updating List of Figures 7) Different Header (according to main heading title on page and Footer with your name & matric number and page number). (5 Marks) 8) Citation and Reference (show 5 references using Chicago Style) (5 Marks)
CSC173: Homework 3.1 Turing Machines 1. Let M = ⟨Q,Σ , Γ,δ, q0 , q accept , qreject ⟩, where Q = {q0 , q accept , qreject } Σ = {a, b} Γ = {a, b, ⊔} and δ is given by the following table: q σ δ(q,γ) q0 q0 q0 a b ⊔ q0 q0 q accept b a ⊔ R R R (a) Draw M’s transition function as a state diagram. (b) Trace the computation of M on input aabbbaa. (c) Describe informally (in English) what M does. 2. Let M = ⟨Q,Σ , Γ,δ, q0 , q accept , qreject ⟩, where Q = {q0 , q1 , q accept , qreject } Σ = {a} Γ = {a, ⊔} and δ is given by the following diagram: (a) Give M’s transition function as a table. (b) Trace the computation of M on inputs aa and aaa. (c) Describe informally (in English) what M does. 3. Trace the execution of the machine M2 from Sipser Example 3.7 on each of the following inputs: (a) 0 (b) 00 (c) 000 (d) 000000 4. Trace the execution of the machine M1 from Sipser Example 3.9 on each of the following inputs: (a) 11 (b) 1#1 (c) 1##1 (d) 10#11 (e) 10#10 5. Design and write the formal definition of a Turing machine with input alphabet {a, b} that scans to the right until it finds two consecutive a’s and then accepts. (a) Does your machine halt on all inputs? (b) If not, could you design one that does halt on all inputs? (c) Can this language, the set of strings that contain two consecutive a’s, be decided by a simpler type of machine (that we have seen in this class)?
ECO359: Assignment 3w 1. Consider the following generalization of the Diamond-Dybvig model discussed in class. Suppose that the consumers’ utility is given by for the parameter η > 1. This utility function is commonly used in economics and is called CRRA (stands for constant relative risk aversion). Note that U (c1 , c2 ) is negative (which shouldn’t confuse you) and is increasing in both c1 and c2 (which ultimately the property of the utility function that we want and like). Suppose that l = 0 and 1 ≤ r2 < R. The rest of the model is as in the lecture. (a) Suppose, as in the lecture, the bank collects money from consumers in the form of deposits and invests in the short-term technology and in the long-term technology. Hence, Find that maximizes the consumers’ expected utility, i.e., solves Find corresponding . Hint: write the first–order condition and solve for the optimal . It's pretty straightforward, just be careful in derivations. (b) Prove that 1 < < < R. Hint: use the fact that η > 1 and R > 1. (c) Parameter η captures the risk-aversion of consumers with higher η corresponding to a higher degree of risk-aversion. There is a general consumption-smoothing principle that roughly states that risk-averse consumers want to smoothen their consumption across different states (in this model, “patient” and “impatient” states). For λ = 1/2 and R = 1.5 plot numerically and for a range of η’s greater than one. Does your plot confirm the consumption-smoothing principle or contradicts it. (d) Find the limits of and as η → ∞ . How does your answer relate to the consumption-smoothing principle. 2. Consider the following variation of the Diamond-Dybvig model with l = r2 = 1 < R. The bank’s liabilities consist of a mass γ of consumers’ deposits and a mass 1 - γ of equity capital. Consumers have CRRA preferences with η = 2: The equity capital is provided by patient equity holders of the bank with utility Equity holders cannot withdraw their funds from the bank at t = 1. All agents have one unit of endowment at t = 0 that they contribute to the bank as a deposit or equity capital, respectively. The bank invests all funds into the long-term technology. A depositor can withdraw at t = 1 or t = 2. The equity holders get whatever is left over after paying all depositors. (a) Let ^λ ≥ λ be the fraction of consumers that “run” on the bank at t = 1. Compute the payoff of a patient consumer from withdrawing at t = 1 (as a function of ^λ). Hint1: you need to consider separately two cases γ ≤ 1 and γ > 1. In the former case, the bank always has enough money at t = 1 after liquidating part of its investment to pay all consumers , while in the latter case, the bank might not have sufficient funds to cover all running consumers. Hint2: Note the difference with the lecture: there are at most γ mass of consumers who run on the bank, because 1 - γ of equity holders cannot withdraw at t = 1 . (b) Compute the payoff of a patient consumer from staying put and withdrawing at t = 2 (as a function of^λ). Hint1: Note that if a fraction ^λ of consumers “runs” at t = 1, then the total mass of agents who run is ^λγ. Hint2: First, compute the amount of investment in the LT technology that remains after paying all consumers who “run” at t = 1 . Then, compute the return on this investment and divide it by the mass of patient consumers who do not run. If this quantity, call it z, is greater than , then patient consumers get simply . Otherwise, they get z. (c) Consider parameters R = 1.2 and λ = 1/2. Draw the patient consumer’s payoff as a function of ^λ ∈ [λ, 1] from “running” and from “staying put” for two values of γ = 0.95 and γ = 0.85. How many stable equilibria are there in each case? Discuss how bank capitalization is helpful in preventing bank runs. Explain the economic mechanism. (d) What is the minimal capital requirement (that is, the minimal value of 1 - γ) that guarantees that no bank run occurs in equilibrium. Hint: The previous part should give you a hint. If it doesn’t, try a grid of γ ∈ [0.85, 0.95] and see how the equilibrium changes. (e) Consider parameters R = 1.2, λ = 1/2, and γ = 0.95. Suppose there is a risk of a bank run and the bank can raise additional equity from patient investors. How much equity would you raise to prevent the bank run? Would patient investors be willing to invest in the bank’s equity? Would patient investors be willing to invest in the bank’s equity if they do not believe that the bank will be able to raise sufficient equity capital to prevent the bank run? Hint: To solve the last two questions, you need to compare the payoff of new equity investors from investing in the equity and from keeping their money and investing them in the short–term technology.
Course Project: Automotive Aerodynamics Potential Project Topics (these are only examples, you can propose your own) • Vehicle (aerodynamic) interaction on roads • Active aerodynamic devices (of your choice) • Aerodynamic device in trailer trucks (of your choice) • Underbody aerodynamics • Effect of hot roads on electric car batteries • Aerodynamics of generic road vehicle geometry • Wind propelled road vehicle aerodynamic analysis Project Report Guide The project must have the following format, at a minimum. 1) Cover page with a project title 2) Abstract 3) Table of content 4) Introduction (highlight the importance of the topic, present some background about the system, and state the specific objectives) 5) Methodology (CFD setup, theoretical analysis, grid quality, grid independence, error analysis, etc.) 6) Results and Discussion (present your results in graphs and tables and their discussions in detail) 7) Conclusions (state the main findings of your project) 8) Nomenclature (list all symbols used in your report, with the corresponding SI units) 9) List of references (any format is acceptable but must be consistent) Note the following: All reports will be submitted to Turnitin to check for plagiarism Similarity must be below 10% No upper page limit, but a minimum of 15 pages. 12font, Times New Roman, double spacing. 25.4 cm margins
Automotive Systems Thinking (ME50394) Summative Assessment Thinking in Systems · Submission Date: Thursday 8th May, 16:00 via online Moodle submission portal · Feedback Date: Thursday 29th May (three semester weeks) · Unit Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) Addressed: 1. Analyse an automotive system holistically, taking into consideration a wide range of interfaces and stakeholders 2. Reflect on current and future technology and business developments within the Automotive industry accounting for sustainability and ethics 3. Apply road mapping techniques to hypothesize about future automotive industry challenges and set out business strategies 4. Collaborate with a diverse team to leverage the skills and knowledge of both yourself and others 5. Synthesize results and reflections within a clear written communication. · Summative Assessment Weighting: 100 % · AI Category: B · Maximum word count / page length guide: 4000 words (+/- 10 %). o Summary or abstract, tables and figures (and relative captions), table of contents, lists of figures and tables, appendices and references are excluded from the word count. Footnotes or endnotes are included in the word count o Submissions exceeding the word count will attract penalties according to current University of Bath regulations (QA16 paragraph 10.3) Assessment Brief: Consider the future of the automotive industry and in particular, the propulsion and supporting higher level systems and sub-systems. Currently there is a transformation in propulsion technology. To give you all a foundation from which you can consider future technology developments, I want you all to use the current Internal Combustion Engine technology. This will ensure you all start from the same point. All the parts and systems have a function that collectively provide torque and power for the customer to control You should consider new developments that: · reduce carbon impact, · reduce the environmental impact and are · sustainable. Considering sustainability think in terms of material availability, and recycling, reuse, repair, etc.) Choose part of the propulsion system or supportive vehicle system (controls, suspension, ) that you believe, when developed, will potentially respond to the three considerations noted above and create a more efficient and effective way of propelling a vehicle Your changes could affect private vehicle ownership or support autonomous vehicle introduction. What would be the impact for customers, infrastructure and the automotive industry. Process to use in your considerations: Either: Use Associative Thinking – potentially creating a new ecosystem Use one of the techniques to consider the eco-system interactions between vehicle systems and the infrastructure : Techniques: System canvas, causal loops, iceberg model, 3 Horizons, two loop model Discuss how you would use the technique you have chosen, how it connects to other techniques and the outcomes you would expect using the technique including the challenges and benefits. Or Analytical Thinking - potentially refining the current propulsion solutions Use one of the techniques to consider the eco-system interactions: Techniques: Requirements / specification cascade (RFLP), block diagrams, P-Diagrams, Interface Matrix, Interface Tables (internal / external), DFMEA, Designing Verification Process, sustainability strategies Discuss how you would use the technique you have chosen to make design improvements to the current designs, describe how the changes to a current design will change the interface / interactions with other systems. Using the techniques listed above show how it connects to other techniques and the outcomes you would expect using the technique including the challenge and benefits Lastly reflect on the application of system thinking generally and how you think you will be able to contribute to the automotive industry in the future. Report Content and Structure Written Report This should consist of the following sections MAIN BODY ( 4000 +/-10% Words) The word count is for guidance. You can add more or less to each section but the overall must be about 4000 Should include an executive Summary (half a page) 200 words Introduction setting out the context for the current system and the drivers for change 300 words Research in support of future development for your chosen technology 500 words Description of the chosen System Thinking technique and it’s expected benefits 1000 words for the technique description Application of the technique to the chosen technology and show how the thinking provides a broader understanding 1000 words on the application of the technique Conclusion including next steps 400 words Reflection of the use of system thinking 600 words Should be focussed on the description, analysis and evidence relating an aspect of automotive propulsion system
ME50399 Project and change management in a rapidly evolving sector Summative Assessment Project and change management report • Submission Date: Thursday 22 May 2025, 16:00 via online Moodle submission portal • Feedback Date: Thursday, 19 June 2025 • Unit Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) Addressed: • Define the importance of project and change management • Apply and adapt the tools of project management to a given project, using an appropriate lifecycle approach • Outline alternate models of project management • Apply and adapt concepts, models and tools to project management scenarios • Conduct research into an aspect of project and change management linking theory and practice • Summative Assessment Weighting: 100 % • AI Category: B • Maximum word count / page length guide: 2,000 words (+/- 10 %). o Summary, tables and figures (and relative captions), table of contents, lists of figures and tables, appendices and references are excluded from the word count. Footnotes or endnotes are included in the word count o Submissions exceeding the word count will attract penalties according to current University of Bath regulations (QA16 paragraph 10.3) Assessment Brief: Working individually, you are challenged to propose a project to respond to a challenge you have identified within an automotive organisation of your choice. The project could be to do with implementing an organisational change or developing a new product, process or service. The format should be that of a business report. This means that professional layout and business language is expected. You should start by introducing the company and the challenge you are trying to solve. You must define project management and explain its significance to the project, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in the context of the project. You must provide an empirical overview of the broader importance of project management (and, if relevant to the project, organisational change) in the context of similar projects or in the automotive industry more generally. Your assignment should present a fully completed project charter that summarises your project. Each section should be completed to a high standard. In addition, you are required to choose one of the following options and develop it in the context of your project: • High-level stakeholder engagement plan, including stakeholder analysis and communication strategy. • A work breakdown structure, presenting the entire scope of the project. • Activities network for one task, time estimates using PERT and identification of the critical path. • Risk analysis of 5 risks, including risk management strategies and, where relevant, EMV calculation. • Organisational change vision and implementation plan. Finally, your assignment should critically assess the efficacy of the project charter and the additional tool of your choice, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses in the context of the project and recommending other tools and approaches to overcome these. You must support your arguments with findings from existing academic research. Report Content and Structure The recommended structure for this report is: • Introduction • Project Charter • Additional tool of choice • Critique and recommendations
CSC173: Homework 3.2 Turing Machines and Decidability 1. Answer the following questions about Turing machines. Explain your answers very briefly. (a) Can a Turing machine ever write the blank symbol on its tape? (b) Can the tape alphabet Γ be the same as the input alphabet Σ ? (c) Can a Turing machine’s head ever be in the same location on two successive steps? (d) Can a Turing machine contain just a single state? 2. We proved that a language is recognized by a Turing machine if and only if some enumerator enumerates it (Sipser Theorem 3.21). Does the following simpler sim- ulation algorithm work for the proof? Why or why not? (a) Repeat for i = 1, 2, . . . : (b) Run M on the ith possible input string (c) If it accepts, print out that string 3. Prove that the language L = {an bn cn |n ≥ 0} is recursive (decidable). 4. Prove that if a language L is decidable (recursive), then it is also recognizable (recursively enumerable). 5. Prove that if L is a decidable (recursive) language, then its complement, L, is also decidable (recursive). 6. Prove that any finite language is decidable (recursive). 7. Let A be the language containing only the single string s where Assume that the question of whether life will be found on Mars has an unambigu- ous “yes” or “no” answer. Is A decidable (recursive)? Why or why not?
MATH3001 Overview of Traffic Modelling Projects I would like the introduction for all of the proposed projects to have a similar structure, described below. • Motivation. You should start by explaining why using mathematics to study traffic flow is a useful thing to do. In order to do this, I encourage you to find relevant documents published by, for example, the government and Highways England that describe the current problems with the road network and how they plan to tackle them. You could include some examples of the kinds of projects they are undertaking and how they incorporate modern technology. • Empirical data. The technology installed in our road networks provides a lot of data about traffic that can be used to inform modelling. You should describe the various ways in which traffic data is collected (inductance loops for example) and what it shows. In particular, you should describe the Fundamental Diagram and what stop- and-go waves are. You might also describe the various types of congestion that are observed on motorways. • Overview of modelling. You should give a brief description of each of the three main types of mathematical models of traffic: continuum models, car-following models and cellular automata models. These descriptions should be concise and should not be overly detailed. If you need to, you can use figures from other sources (e.g. by taking screen shots), but make sure that you reference the source in the caption. Also, any figures that you use should be referred to in the text and you should adequately describe what the figure shows. Make sure you label everything (axes etc.) clearly. Below are brief descriptions of the main project topics and ideas for further research. For each I have indicated relevant modules, although they are not necessarily prerequisites for the various topics. More details of the projects are written up in the corresponding project documents. 1 Continuum models This project concerns partial di↵erential equation (PDE) models of traffic that describe the average density and velocity of traffic in continuous space and time. It would help a little if you’ve done MATH2620 Fluid Dynamics 1, although it is not essential (but some experience with PDEs is essential) . You will start off by deriving an equation that describes the conservation of cars, and how the fundamental diagram can be used to solve this equation. You will then describe how solutions can be found by the method of characteristics, giving rise to expansion fans and shock waves. You should also discuss ‘higher order’ models that include an equation for acceleration. Suggested areas to continue your research include: • Daganzo’s criticism of continuum models oftraffic — does information flow downstream faster than individual vehicles? The various attempts to fix the recognised issues. • Characterisation of travelling waves. • Numerical methods for hyperbolic PDEs • Deriving macroscopic continuum models from microscopic car-following models. 2 Car-following models This project concerns ordinary differential equation models of traffic that describe the indi- vidual positions and velocities of cars in continuous space and time. Ideally you will have taken MATH2391 Nonlinear Di↵erential Equations and it would also be helpful if you are taking MATH3397 Nonlinear Dynamics. You will start by describing the general form of car-following models, how steady-state solutions relate headway and velocity and give some examples of such models. You should then describe platoon and string stability. Suggested areas to continue your research include: • Derivation of string stability conditions for the general car-following model. • Travelling waves in car-following models. • Absolute and convective instabilities. 3 Cellular automata models This project concerns stochastic cellular automata models of traffic that describe the in- dividual positions and velocities of cars in discrete space and time. Ideally you will have taken MATH2750 Introduction to Markov Processes. You will start by describing the Nagel- Schreckenberg model and the kinds of Fundamental Diagrams it can produce. You will con- sider simple cases where the Fundamental Diagram can be deduced and the site-orientated ‘mean field’ analysis. Suggested areas to continue your research include: • The e↵ect of different update rules. • The e↵ect of boundary conditions. • Car Orientated Mean Field theories. 1 Continuum models of traffic flow This project concerns partial diferential equation models of traffic that describe the average density ρ(x, t) and velocity v(x, t) of traffic in continuous space x and time t. You should start of by reading about the Lighthill, Whitham and Richards (LWR) model [10, 9] . A very good book on this is Whitham’s Linear and Nonlinear Waves [11] (which can be found in pdf form online) . On a single lane road with no entrances or exits, the number of cars is conserved. You should be able to describe how this fact gives rise to the conservation law where the subscripts refer to partial diferentiation. Describe how the Fundamental Diagram makes it possible to solve this equation, and how solutions can be drawn using the method of characteristics. The LWR model captures many of the basic phenomena in traffic. However, it does not account for the generation or propagation of stop-and-go waves. You should illustrate this by sketching the solutions for the following initial condition: where 0 < ρ0 < ρ1 and L > 0 are constants. This motivates “second order” models that include an equation for acceleration. Some examples have been proposed by Payne-Whitham (see Chapter 3.1 of Whitham’s book [11] and Kerner and Kohnh¨auser [6] . How and why do these difer to momentum equations in fluid dynamics? You should describe what the individual terms in such examples are meant to represent in real traffic. Stop-and-go waves appear in these models at parameter values that are linearly unstable. You should describe how to analyse the stability of second order models by deriving a dispersion relation that indicates which wave numbers are unstable (e.g. see Chapter 3.1 of Whitham’s book [11] . The following subtopics are possible areas for you to explore further, but you are welcome to suggest alternative topics to me directly. 1.1 Daganzo’s criticism Read Daganzo’s criticism of continuum models of traffic [3] and describe the problems that he presents. What is your take on these issues? These criticisms led to an efort to develop continuum models, in particular hyperbolic PDE models, that do not have the deficiencies described by Daganzo. How do you determine if a PDE is hyperbolic? Describe the fixes proposed by Aw and Rascle [1] . You will need to demonstrate how to work out the charac- teristic speeds for second order models, including some examples. This topic received a lot of attention in the academic literature [4, 13, 5], try to convey the essence of this discussion, but make sure you understand and include the mathematical elements. 1.2 Characterisation of travelling waves Travelling waves are disturbances that propagate at a constant velocity c and with a fixed profile. Solutions of this type can be found by a change of variables z = x-ct, resulting in a system of ordinary diferential equations. What would such waves correspond to in traffic? For second order traffic models, the conservation law can be integrated directly and used to eliminate one variable in the acceleration equation. Try this out yourself. You can find help in Chapter 3.1 of Whitham’s book [11] and in Wilson and Berg [12] . The goal of this subtopic is to explain Fig. 2 in Wilson and Berg [12] . The process to produce this figure is described in the paper but you will need to figure out the details, many of which are left out of the paper. You may find it helpful to discuss the various aspects of this figure separately and relate each region to the corresponding phase portrait. Taking Nonlinear Dynamics MATH3397 would significantly help with this subtopic. 1.3 Numerical methods for hyperbolic PDEs An important class of traffic models are hyperbolic PDEs. It is particularly difficult to write good numerical solvers for such equations because solutions that start of smooth can develop discontinuities or shocks. You should describe how to approximate these equations numerically using finite diference and finite volume methods. You should discuss diferent numerical schemes, for example upwinding and the Godunov method. How and why do errors occur? An excellent book on this topic with detailed examples of traffic models is by Leveque [8] . Ideally you would code up your own numerical solvers and use them to illustrate the theory. 1.4 Deriving macroscopic continuum models from microscopic car- following models How are macroscopic continuum models related to microscopic car-following models? In this subtopic you should describe various methods of deriving coarse-grained PDE models from microscopic car-following models. What approximations need to be made? In steady state conditions, or equivalently at equilibrium, density is the reciprocal of headway. Why isn’t this true out of equilibrium (i.e. when stop-and-go waves are present)? Two diferent approaches to coarse-graining are described in Berg, Mason and Woods [2], and Lee, Lee and Kim [7] . Try to work through these derivations (but a word of warning: in both papers some of the key steps are not particularly well described and may not even be correct) . Feel free to discuss any other approaches that you may find. [1] A. Aw and M. Rascle. Resurrection of ”second order” models of traffic flow. Siam Journal of Applied Mathematics, 60(3):916–938, 2000 . [2] P. Berg, A. Mason, and A. Woods. Continuum approach to car-following models. Phys. Rev. E, 61(2):1056–1066, 2000 . [3] C. Daganzo. Requiem for second-order fluid approximations to traffic flow. Transpora- tion Research Part B, 29(4):277–286, 1994 . [4] J.M. Greenberg. Extensions and amplifications of a traffic model of aw and rascle. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, 62(3):729–745, 2002 . [5] D Helbing and AF Johansson. On the controversy around daganzos requiem for and aw- rascles resurrection of second-order traffic flow models. The European Physical Journal B, 69(4):549–562, 2009 . [6] B. S. Kerner and P. Konh¨auser. Cluster e↵ect in initially homogeneous traffic flow. Phys. Rev. E, 48(4):R2335–R2338, 1993 . [7] H. K. Lee, H. W. Lee, and D. Kim. Macroscopic traffic models from microscopic car- following models. Phys. Rev. E, 64(5):056126, 2001 . [8] R.J. LeVeque. Finite volume methods for hyprebolic problems. Cambridge University Press, 2002 . [9] M. Lighthill and G. B. Whitham. On kinematic waves II. a theory of traffic on long crowded roads. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 229:317–345, 1955 . [10] P. Richards. Shockwaves on the highway. Operations Research, 4(1):42–51, 1956 . [11] G.B. Whitham. Linear and Nonlinear Waves. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974 . [12] R. E. Wilson and P. Berg. Existence and classification of travelling wave solutions to second order highway traffic models. In M. Fukui, Y. Sugiyama, M. Schreckenberg, and D.E. Wolf, editors, Traffic and Granular Flow ’01, pages 85–90 . Springer-Verlag, 2003 . [13] H.M. Zhang. A non-equilibrium traffic model devoid of gas-like behaviour. Transporation Research Part B, 36(3):275–290, 2002 . 2 Car-following models This project concerns ordinary diferential equation models of traffic that describe the indi- vidual positions xn and velocities vn of cars in continuous space x and time t. Start by describing the general set-up of such models — good references for this are [11, 6, 10] . You should describe how the order of vehicles is represent by the subscripts n, what the headway hn is and how the acceleration of each vehicle is described by the general function f(h, h˙, v ) . Explain why the partial derivatives of f must have certain signs if we are to get sensible driver behaviour. You should describe how to write down a closed system of equations with equilibria that correspond to vehicles travelling with uniform velocities and headways. This is the general car-following model. How are the boundary conditions for a ring-road and a long straight road incorporated into the model? Give some examples of car-following models (e.g. the Optimal Velocity model [1] and the Intelligent Driver Model [7]) and compute what the corresponding partial derivatives of f are. In a reasonable car-following model, drivers should be able to adjust their headway and velocity in response to the behaviour of the car in front without driving erratically. This notion is captured by the idea of “platoon stability”, see [4, 10] . Show that a car-following model that satisfies the constraints on the partial derivatives specified by Wilson [11] is platoon stable, meaning that small amplitude disturbances decay. The following subtopics are possible areas for you to explore further, but you are welcome to suggest alternative topics to me directly. 2.1 String stability Stop-and-go waves arise because successive vehicles break slightly harder than the vehicle in front. This growth of small disturbances as they propagate through the column of vehicles is known as “string instability” and is diferent to platoon instability. Using Wilson’s paper [11], you should describe in detail how to analyse the linear stability of the general car-following model and the resulting condition for stability based on the partial derivatives of the model. This process assumes that the road is infinitely long. You could also consider the case where there are only a finite number of vehicles on a single lane ring-road. The method of doing this is described by Mason and Woods [5] and Gasser et al [3], but you should focus on the case where all drivers have the same behaviour and there are no time delays, and rewrite it in terms of the general car-following model. You should show that both methods result in the same dispersion relation, but the wave numbers in the finite sized case are discrete. When do these two methods give diferent criteria for instability? You could try to compute the eigenvalues for finite sized case and compare with the dispersion relation for the infinitely long road case. You could also compute the stability criteria explicitly for the case where there are only 2 and 3 vehicles (not realistic, but illuminating!) . Note that the Jacobian matrix of the full system is not hyperbolic because where L is the length of the road. You must use these facts to remove two of the variables and analyse the resulting hyperbolic system. 2.2 Travelling waves Read the papers by Berg and Woods [2] and Ward and Wilson [9] . Describe how the analysis of travelling waves in the Optimal-Velocity model results in a second order delay diferential equation. Linearise this equation near to an equilibrium v* = V (h* ) and derive its characteristic equation. What is the corresponding characteristic equation for the general car-following model? You should consider how you might go about finding solutions to this equation numerically. One way to visualise them is to separate real and imaginary parts and plot the zero contours in the complex plane. Another is via brute force using a numerical root finder starting from lots of initial conditions (you could even code your own Newton-Raphson root finder) . What do the solutions to the characteristic equation tell us about the travelling wave solutions? For fixed model parameters, investigate what kinds of travelling wave solutions arise at diferent values of the up- and downstream headways h − and h+ respectively. This information can be captured in a “phase diagram” in which the boundaries between diferent regimes are plotted in (h − , h+ ) space. The case for the Optimal-Velocity at α = 2 is plotted in [2] . It would excellent if you could confirm some of these regions using your own simulations. 2.3 Absolute and convective instabilities Read Treiber and Kesting [8] and Ward and Wilson [10] . What is the diference between absolute and convective instabilities? How can these diferent types of instability manifest themselves in traffic? Describe the notion of group velocity and how it might be used to distinguish between absolute and convective instabilities. Why doesn’t this work? Describe what the signal velocity is and how this can be used to find the edges of a growing wave packet in the frame of the vehicles using the method of steepest descents. How do you determine which point to deform the contour of integration through? [1] M. Bando, K. Hasebe, A. Nakayama, A. Shibata, and Y. Sugiyama. Dynamical model of traffic congestion and numerical simulation. Phys. Rev. E, 51(2):1035–1042, 1995 . [2] Peter Berg and Andrew Woods. Traveling waves in an optimal velocity model of freeway traffic. Physical Review E, 63(3):036107, 2001 . [3] I. Gasser, G. Sirito, and Werner B. Bifurcation analysis of a class of ’car following’ traffic models. Physica D, 197(3-4):277–296, 2004 . [4] Arne Kesting and Martin Treiber. How reaction time, update time, and adaptation time influence the stability of traffic flow. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 23(2):125–137, 2008 . [5] A. D. Mason and A. W. Woods. Car-following model of multispecies systems of road traffic. Physical Review E, 55(3):2203–2214, 1997 . [6] G´abor Orosz, R Eddie Wilson, and G´abor St´ep´an. Traffic jams: dynamics and control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368(1928):4455–4479, 2010 . [7] M. Treiber, A. Hennecke, and D. Helbing. Congested traffic states in empirical obser- vations and microscopic simulations. Phys. Rev. E, 62(2):1805–1824, 2000 . [8] Martin Treiber and Arne Kesting. Evidence of convective instability in congested traffic flow: A systematic empirical and theoretical investigation. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 45(9):1362–1377, 2011 . [9] J. A. Ward, R. E. Wilson, and Berg P. Multiscale analysis of a spatially heterogeneous microscopic traffic model. Physica D, 236:1–12, 2007 . [10] Jonathan A Ward and R Eddie Wilson. Criteria for convective versus absolute string instability in car-following models. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, page rspa20100437 . The Royal Soci- ety, 2011 . [11] R. E. Wilson. Mechanisms for spatiotemporal pattern formation in highway traffic models. Philos. Transact. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 366:2017–2032, 2008 . 3 Cellular automata models This project concerns stochastic cellular automata models of traffic that describe the indi- vidual positions and velocities of cars in discrete space and time. Start by describing the update rules for the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) model [1] . You should try to write a program that implements the NaSch model — see the separate document on how to program the NaSch model. How do the parameters in the model a↵ect the dynamics? How can you measure the density and flow of traffic? What does the fundamental diagram look like? How does this change with different parameters? The NaSch model can be analysed using the Master equation (also called the Chapman- Kolmogorov equation) . Describe what this equation represents. For the case where vmax = 1, derive the steady state Fundamental Diagram. What happens in the deterministic limiting cases where the random deceleration probability p is 0 or 1? The following subtopics are possible areas for you to explore further, but you are welcome to suggest alternative topics to me directly. 3.1 Mean field approximations Read the paper by Schreckenberg et al [4] . Work through the derivation of the mean field approximations for the Fundamental Diagram in the case where vmax > 1. Does it give a good approximation to that computed from simulations? Ideally you would compare the theory with your own simulations. You should also research attempts to get more accurate theories, for example cluster approximations [4, 2] and car-orientated mean field theory [3, 2] . What are Garden of Eden states? 3.2 Update rules Typically the positions of vehicles in the NaSch model are updated in parallel, meaning that all vehicles move at the same time given the current state of traffic. There are other possible ways to update the system: random sequential with replacement, in which a vehicle is chosen at random from the population to update; random sequential without replacement, in which the order of vehicle updates is permuted; vehicles can be updated according to their position, either upstream or downstream. Why is the vmax = 1 steady state mean field Fundamental Diagram exact for random sequential updating? 3.3 Boundary conditions Consider how the following two types of boundary conditions affect the dynamics observed: (i) periodic (i.e. a ring-road) where the first car follows the last; and (ii) long-straight road where the up- and downstream flows, α and β respectively, are specified. In the later case, how does the flow depend on α and β . Sketch a diagram for the various different regions in parameter space. [1] K. Nagel and M. Schreckenberg. A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic. Journal de Physique, 12(2):2221–2229, 1992 . [2] Andreas Schadschneider. The nagel-schreckenberg model revisited. The European Phys- ical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 10(3):573–582, 1999 . [3] Andreas Schadschneider and Michael Schreckenberg. Car-oriented mean-field theory for traffic flow models. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 30(4):L69, 1997 . [4] Michael Schreckenberg, Andreas Schadschneider, Kai Nagel, and Nobuyasu Ito. Discrete stochastic models for traffic flow. Physical Review E, 51(4):2939, 1995 .
Chinese Literature: Pre-Qin to Tang EAS 256H Final Essay Style Regardless of the citation style. you choose, include a title page at the beginning of your essay, with the title of your essay, the date, the course #, your name and student #, and the word count for your essay (not including footnotes and bibliography). I have asked you to restrict yourself to two secondary sources (by modern scholars), but you may refer briefly to other primary sources (written in premodern China) if they help you to make your argument about the main primary sources you are addressing in your essay. These other primary sources must be cited properly (either from the Owen anthology, or wherever else you accessed them), and must be quoted in English translation. Your essay should be a minimum of 2,000 words, which is roughly 4 pages, single-spaced, 12pt font, 1” margins. For your essay, you may use any documentation style. with which you are familiar, but it must be a standard style. accepted for academic writing (MLA, Chicago, APA), and you must follow it consistently. The guidelines presented here are consistent with advice given in The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. on the “notes and bibliography” style of citation (link). You can find out more about different citation styles, and online tools to generate proper citations at this link. Footnotes: In Chicago style, superscript. numbers in the text of the essay refer readers to notes with corresponding numbers at the foot of the page (footnotes). The first time you cite a source, include the full information. See the link to the Chicago Manual for examples of how to cite books, chapters, journal articles, lectures, websites, etc. (You may have to scroll down to find an appropriate example.) If you are citing a print book, chapter, or article that you accessed online, then just cite it as a print work (no need to include the web address). If you are citing an online source that is only available via a website, then cite it as a website. What follows is a summary of the Chicago style, but refer to the online manual itself for more detailed information before asking me or a TA for clarification. Pay special attention to when titles should be italicized (book and journal titles), and when they should be in “quotation marks” (chapters, articles, lectures, websites, etc.). Example of citing a book, such as the Owen anthology, for the first time: 1. Stephen Owen, An Anthology ofChinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911 (New York: Norton, 1996), 289. If you cite the same source (regardless of type) later in your essay, use a shortened form, with the author’s surname and one significant word from the title: 6. Owen, Anthology, 311. If you use the same text again for your very next citation, you should use “Ibid.” which means the same information as above. For example, if your second footnote is for the same source and same page it will look like this: 2. Ibid. If you use a different page, it would look like this (pay close attention to the period and comma): 2. Ibid., 292. For a chapter in a book edited by someone else, use the following format: 1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78. For lectures, use the following format (cite the lecture dates on the syllabus, not when they were posted, or when you listened to them): 1. Graham Sanders, “Mid-Tang Poetry” (Lecture for EAS256H Chinese Literature: Pre-qin to Tang, University of Toronto, June 5, 2020). For journal articles, use the following format: 1. T. H. Breen, “Will American Consumers Buy a Second American Revolution?,” Journal ofAmerican History 93, no. 2 (2006): 405. For websites, use the following format (you can leave out the author name if it is not noted): 3. George P. Landow, “Victorian and Victorianism,” Victorian Web, accessed June 9, 2020, http:// victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html. Bibliography: The bibliography begins on a new page at the end of the essay, giving full publication information for all the works cited in the notes. The bibliography should be listed alphabetically by author’s last name, so the formatting is somewhat different from notes. (Note the different uses of periods, commas, parentheses, and that the second line of an entry is indented to make it easier to see each entry separately.) Examples using the sources cited above: Breen, T. H. “Will American Consumers Buy a Second American Revolution?” Journal ofAmerican History 93, no. 2 (2006): 404-8. Landow, George P. “Victorian and Victorianism.” Victorian Web. Accessed June 9, 2020. http://victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html. Owen, Stephen. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Sanders, Graham. “Mid-Tang Poetry.” Lecture for EAS256H Chinese Literature: Pre-qin to Tang, University of Toronto, June 5, 2020. Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016. Somethings to remember for quotations and citations: All words that are not your own—whether they are from the textbook, a lecture, a book, journal article, website, or even a discussion with a classmate—must be in quotation marks, and followed by a footnote. All ideas that are not your own, but you have paraphrased in your own words, do not need quotation marks, but do still need a footnote. Use “double quotation marks” in your essay when quoting from a source. Use ‘single quotation marks’ when there is a quotation in the text you are quoting. For example: “And then she said, ‘proper citations are important’, at the end of the handout.” If you skip over words from a source for brevity, replace them with three periods “ …” (called an ellipsis), but do not skip words if they substantially change the meaning of the quotation. For more detailed information on how to quote and paraphrase sources, and to avoid plagiarism, see the following University of Toronto website on Writing Advice (link).
CSCI 4041 Algorithms and Data Structures - Spring 2025 Homework 4 - Trees and Optimization Due Date: Friday, April 11, 2025 by 11:59pm. Instructions: This is an individual homework assignment. You may work together to discuss con- cepts, but the solutions must be your own work. Submit your answers on Canvas, which is linked to Gradescope (be sure to correctly map the page for each problem). We will not grade *Practice Problems*, however, you are responsible for knowing how to solve them in order to prepare for quizzes and exams. Problem H4.1: BSTs and Rotations (20 points) Consider the following algorithm. SUCCESSIVE-RIGHT-ROTATES(z) 1 if z != NIL 2 while z .left != NIL 3 RIGHT-ROTATE(T, z) 4 z = z.p 5 return z (a) Draw the tree that results from applying SUCCESSIVE-RIGHT-ROTATES where the input z is the root of the tree below. (b) Let T be any BST, and n the number of nodes. What is best case asymptotic runtime of SUCCESSIVE-RIGHT-ROTATES over all BSTs of size n? What is the worst case? (Hints: (i) the runtime will be related to the number of right rotations. (ii) Note another way to think about this question is what type of BST with n nodes will result in the fewest rotations, and what type will will result in the most rotations?) (c) Consider the algorithm below. ALG-HW4(T) 1 z = T .root 2 while z != NIL 3 z = SUCCESSIVE-RIGHT-ROTATES(z) 4 z = z .right Draw the tree that results from applying ALG-HW4 to the (original) BST is part (a). (d) What is worst case asymptotic number of right rotations (over all BSTs of size n) done by ALG-HW4? State the runtime and provide a brief justification, although you do not need to provide a rigorous proof. Problem H4.2: AVL Trees (20 points) Recall that to handle the LR case in an AVL tree tree for a node x with ∣balance factor∣ > 1, we first LEFT-ROTATE(T, x.left) and then RIGHT-ROTATE(T, x). We call two successive rotations like this a double rotation. For each of the double rotation algorithms described below, do the following: 1. Draw the the double rotation in a figure similar to Figure 13.2. Your diagrams should (i) show the relationship changes between nodes x, y, z and the parent; (ii) include subtrees α,β, and γ; (iii) show how the height of the nodes x, y, and z have changed from their previous heights (since for an AVL tree we will need to calculate the balance factor at each node). 2. In pseudocode or another language of your choice, write the following double rotation functions as direct changes to the pointers and any other needed information, e.g., the height at each node (x.height). Do this directly, that is, do not call other rotation functions. (a) RL-ROTATE(T, x): Let y = x.right and z = y.left Double Rotation: RIGHT-ROTATE(T,y) and then LEFT-ROTATE(T,x) (b) DOUBLE-RIGHT-ROTATE(T, x): Let y = x.left and z = y.left Double Rotation: RIGHT-ROTATE(T,x) and then RIGHT-ROTATE(T,y) (c) REVERT-LR(T, x) (*Practice Problem*): Let x = y.right and z = y.left Double Rotation: LEFT-ROTATE(T,y) and then RIGHT-ROTATE(T,y) Problems H4.3: Red-Black Trees (20 points) Let T be a red-black tree and define Φ(T) = (number of black nodes with no red children) +2 (number of black nodes with two red children). What is the change in Φ(T) in each of the following cases? For each case give a justification of your answer. [Note: for all parts below there might not be a single answer. That is, Φ might change by different amounts depending upon the whether certain nodes involved are red or black. In such cases list all possible potential changes that might result (e.g., change = 1, 0, −1) and explain when each such change will occur.] (a) After inserting a new node, but before applying RB-INSERT-FIXUP (regardless of whether the fixup would be needed after the insertion or not). Note: RB-INSERT-FIXUP, described in Section 13.3, fixes the tree if any of the red-black properties are violated after insert. (b) After case 3 of RB-INSERT-FIXUP. (c) After case 1 of RB-INSERT-FIXUP. (*Practice Problem*) Problems H4.4: B-Trees (20 points) Consider the 2-3-4 tree below (a) Show the resulting tree after A is inserted using B-TREE-INSERT. (b) Show the resulting tree after B is inserted using B-TREE-INSERT (into the tree from (a)). (c) Show the resulting tree after Q is inserted using B-TREE-INSERT (into the tree from (b)). (d) Show the resulting tree after D is inserted using B-TREE-INSERT (into the tree from (c)). Problems H4.5: Dynamic Programming (20 points) Consider the subsequence matching problem. Suppose that X and Y are both sequences of n char- acters. Suppose further than sometimes a character in one sequence will be replaced by a single character in the other sequence, but sometimes it will be replaced by a couple of characters in the other sequence (e.g., the letter ‘f’ may be replaced by ‘ph’ in a misspelling). Moreover, suppose that for each character α in X you have a probability function πα which can take either 1 or 2 arguments. More specifically, πα (β) = the probability that α in X is replaced by β in Y πα (β,γ) = the probability that α in X is replaced by the pair of consecutive characters β,γ in Y. As an example, consider with the subsequences consisting of the underlined terms and the matches given by the arrows. The total matching score in this case would be πb (b) + πc (c, c) + πd (b) + πa (d, a) + πb (b). Note if a character in X matches a pair in Y those characters must be consecutive in Y — it is not sufficient for them to be consecutive only in the subsequence. Write down a recurrence for computing the largest possible matching score in O(n2 ) time. Justify the recurrence and the O(n2 ) time. Your justification does not need to be rigorous, but should include enough detail that it is clear what your recurrence measures, how you derived it, and why computing the largest matching score takes O(n2 ) time. Note here you just need to write the recurrence and the justifications. You do not need to actually write the algorithm, nor do you need to be concerned with storing or printing the optimal subsequences.
IFB001 Analytical Skills for Intelligent Business 2nd SEMESTER 2024/25 ASSESSED COURSEWORK Assignment Brief Task: Write a report (800 words ± 10%) that delves into an analysis of specific business data. Include analysis insights accompanied by visual representations and identify key findings that could guide decision-making processes. Background and context: Choose a set of data for your study. This data can be sourced from a real business, a company, or digital sources like open-source databases or websites, or it may come from tangible resources in the real-life business environment, provided the data pertains to a real business/problem scenario. Envision yourself as a business analytics expert. Your current responsibility involves examining this data through the analytical techniques acquired in the module, creating various charts and diagrams, and offering potential recommendations to aid in the decision-making process. Indicative Content: While its content and structure are for you to determine, the following is an indicative list of some of the content you could incorporate into your report: - Introduction. Description of the business/company/real problem you selected, description of the data you collected, and any other information that you consider relevant to the task at hand. - Analysis. Present the steps of how you conduct the data analysis, including: a) Data Preprocessing b) Data Analysis c) Data/Results Visualization d) Interpretation/Discussion - A brief discussion of the potential suggestions for decision-making for this business/problem. - Appendix. Attach the set of data you analyze in the appendix. Word count: 800 words ± 10%, excluding tables, figures, references, appendix. Marks will be deducted for work that exceeds the word count limit. Preferred referencing method: Please ensure that the sources of all the information and data, and the analyses of others, are properly cited in your report using the Harvard style of referencing. Indicative grading scheme: - Structure and organization of report (including effective use of headings and subheadings) - up to 5 marks. - Presentation of the report (including writing style and accuracy; effective use of grammar and syntax; effective and accurate use of figures, tables, and illustrations; and length) - up to 10 marks. - Content of report: Introduction - up to 10 marks. Analysis - up to 50 marks. A brief discussion of the potential suggestions - up to 10 marks. - Quality of information and data presented (including evidence of independent research) - up to 10 marks. - Use and application of relevant scholarly literature (including appropriate referencing, use of in- text citations and accurate presentation of bibliography/list of references) - up to 5 marks.
